Juvenile Delinquency Causes And Control Download Pdf
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The Causes and Control of Juvenile Delinquency: A Review of Robert Agnew's Book
Juvenile delinquency is a serious social problem that affects many young people and their communities. What are the causes of juvenile delinquency and how can it be prevented or controlled This is the main question that Robert Agnew, a professor of sociology and criminology at Emory University, addresses in his book Juvenile Delinquency: Causes and Control. The book, which is now in its fifth edition, provides a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of the major theories, research findings, and policy implications of juvenile delinquency.
Agnew begins by defining juvenile delinquency and explaining how it is measured and how prevalent it is. He then reviews the main theoretical perspectives on juvenile delinquency, including strain theory, social learning theory, control theory, individual traits theory, family theory, school theory, peer and gang theory, religion, work, mass media, community, and situational theories. He also discusses the possibility of integrating these theories into a general theory of delinquency. Agnew then examines the role of drugs, guns, and delinquent situations in delinquency. Finally, he evaluates the effectiveness and fairness of various strategies to control and prevent delinquency, such as policing, juvenile court and corrections, deterrence and incapacitation, prevention and rehabilitation, and restorative justice.
The book is written in a clear and engaging style that makes it accessible to students, researchers, practitioners, and policymakers. Agnew uses examples from real-life cases and studies to illustrate his points and to show the diversity and complexity of juvenile delinquency. He also provides critical thinking questions, learning objectives, key terms, summaries, and suggested readings at the end of each chapter to help readers review and apply the material. The book is based on the latest empirical evidence and incorporates recent developments in the field of juvenile delinquency.
Juvenile Delinquency: Causes and Control is an authoritative and comprehensive text that offers a balanced and nuanced analysis of the causes and control of juvenile delinquency. It is an essential resource for anyone interested in understanding and addressing this important social issue. The book can be downloaded as a PDF file from the Internet Archive[^1^] [^2^] [^3^].
In this section, we will discuss some of the main points and implications of Agnew's book. We will focus on three topics: the causes of delinquency, the effects of delinquency, and the solutions to delinquency.
The Causes of Delinquency
Agnew argues that there is no single cause of delinquency, but rather a complex interaction of multiple factors that vary across individuals, groups, and situations. He identifies four types of factors that influence delinquency: individual traits, social environments, situational factors, and developmental factors. Individual traits include biological, psychological, and personality characteristics that affect how a person thinks, feels, and behaves. Social environments include the family, school, peers, gangs, religion, work, mass media, and community contexts that shape a person's values, beliefs, attitudes, norms, opportunities, and pressures. Situational factors include the immediate circumstances and conditions that trigger or facilitate delinquent behavior, such as drugs, guns, emotions, motivations, temptations, and opportunities. Developmental factors include the changes and transitions that occur over the life course that affect a person's exposure to and response to delinquent influences.
Agnew also explains how these factors interact with each other and with different types of delinquency. He distinguishes between three types of delinquency: expressive delinquency, instrumental delinquency, and mixed delinquency. Expressive delinquency is motivated by the desire to express or relieve negative emotions or impulses, such as anger, frustration, boredom, or excitement. Instrumental delinquency is motivated by the desire to achieve some material or social benefit or goal, such as money, status, power, or revenge. Mixed delinquency is motivated by a combination of expressive and instrumental motives. Agnew argues that different factors may have different effects on different types of delinquency. For example, strain theory suggests that stress or adversity may lead to expressive delinquency by increasing negative emotions or reducing self-control. Social learning theory suggests that exposure to delinquent models or rewards may lead to instrumental delinquency by increasing favorable attitudes or expectations toward crime. Control theory suggests that weak bonds or controls may lead to mixed delinquency by reducing social constraints or obligations.
The Effects of Delinquency
Agnew also discusses the consequences and costs of delinquency for individuals and society. He identifies four types of effects: personal effects, interpersonal effects, institutional effects, and societal effects. Personal effects include the physical, psychological, educational, occupational, and legal outcomes that affect the well-being and life chances of the delinquent. Interpersonal effects include the impact of delinquency on the relationships and interactions between the delinquent and others who are directly or indirectly affected by the crime, such as victims, witnesses, family members,
friends,
co-workers,
and
neighbors.
Institutional
effects
include
the
influence
of
delinquency
on
the
functioning
and
performance
of
the
social
institutions
that
deal
with
or
are
affected
by
crime,
such
as
the
police,
courts,
corrections,
schools,
workplaces,
and
religious
organizations.
Societal
effects
include
the
impact
of
delinquency
on
the
social,
economic,
political,
and
cultural
aspects
of
society,
such
as
the
level
of
crime,
fear,
trust,
cohesion,
equality,
democracy,
and
development.
Agnew argues that delinquency has significant negative effects on all these levels. He cites evidence from various studies that show that delinquency can result in physical injury or death; mental health problems; substance abuse; academic failure; unemployment; poverty; criminal records; incarceration; victimization; trauma; loss; anger; resentment; isolation; stigma; distrust; conflict; violence; corruption; inefficiency; injustice; inequality; instability; insecurity; and underdevelopment. He also notes that some of these effects may in turn increase the risk of further delinquency by creating more strain, learning more crime-supportive beliefs or skills; weakening more social bonds or controls; or creating more situational opportunities or pressures for crime.
The Solutions to Delinquency
Agnew concludes his book by evaluating the effectiveness and fairness of various strategies to control and prevent delinquency. He distinguishes between two types of strategies: reactive strategies and proactive strategies. Reactive strategies are those that respond 061ffe29dd